Dear MIC 361 Students:

Below is a list of questions to help you prepare for Exam #2. Remember, this is not a comprehensive list and other questions from your lecture notes, handouts, and reading assignments will be included on the exam. I encourage you to know the definitions for all of the medical terms and clinical syndromes we have covered in this part of the course. Don't just memorize the diagnostic methods for the pathogens without understanding them. A good way to study the major pathogens is to make a giant chart that allows you to compare them side by side.

Use the framework of the infectious steps (from the first part of the course) as a guide when studying individual pathogen. In addition to what's listed below for influenza viruses, you are responsible for the replication cycle.

I will continue to help you understand the three immunology pathways (question #1,below) next week, but will not answer any of the other questions for you. You have all the resources you need to do a great job on this exam! All you have to do is apply them! Have a Great Spring Break (in spite of studying)! See you next week!

Best regards,

Leanne H. Field, Ph.D.

MIC 361 EXAM 2 STUDY QUESTIONS (Lectures 11-23)

1. Describe in a step-by step fashion, the specific immune system's response to

a. a virus – infected cell.

b. an intracellular pathogen sequestered inside a macrophage

c. an extracellular viral or bacterial pathogen or an extracellular exotoxin.

2. A viral infection can have several different effects on the individual cells that it infects. Clearly describe the difference between a cytocidal infection, a persistent infection and a latent infection.

3. What are cytopathic effects and what causes them?

4. The final step in the infectious process is disease production (or pathology). By what major mechanisms can an infection with a microorganism result in disease? Give an example of each mechanism from the pathogens we have studied.

5. What are slow virus infections? Give an example of such an infection.

6. What are the four stages of an acute infectious disease?

7. Name three viruses that are associated with malignancy in humans.

8. Compare and contrast the main features of exotoxins and endotoxins.

9. How can you determine if a toxin is important in the infectious process?

10. Why do bacterial pathogens produce exotoxins? What roles do exotoxins play in the infectious process?

11. Briefly discuss the four major categories of exotoxins, including in your answer their mechanism of action and giving at least one specific example of each.

12. Discuss the mechanism of action of the A-B exotoxins of

(a) Corynebacterium diphtheriae

(b) Bordetella pertussis

(c) Clostridium botulinum

(d) Clostridium tetani.

13. Compare and contrast the regulation of the virulence genes of C. diphtheriae and B. pertussis.

14. What is the difference between a toxoid and an antitoxin? Under what circumstances are they administered to patients?

15. What is the chemical nature and structure of endotoxin?

16. Describe the pathogenesis of septic shock.

17. What is immunopathogenesis (immunopathology)?

18. Briefly discuss the four types of hypersensitivity responses as they relate to infectious diseases. Give a specific example of how each type can contribute to immunopathology.

19. Describe the nonspecific defenses of the respiratory tract and ways they can be compromised.

20. Briefly discuss the pathogenesis of the following respiratory and central nervous system infections, including in your answer the etiological agent(s) associated with:

a. the common cold

b. dental caries

c. gingivitis

d. pharyngitis and tonsillitis

e. otitis media

f. acute epiglottitis

g. croup

h. acute bronchitis

i. acute bronchiolitis

j. encephalitis

k. brain abscess

l. primary meningoencephalitis

m. subacute sclerosing panencephalitis

21. Summarize the microbiology (including the Gram stain morphology), epidemiology, clinical findings, pathogenesis and host response, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention for each of the following pathogens:

a. Corynebacterium diphtheriae- respiratory diphtheria

b. Bordetella pertussis- whooping cough

c. Streptococcus pneumoniae- lobar pneumonia, septicemia, meningitis

d. Legionella pneumophila- lobar pneumonia

e. Mycobacterium tuberculosis- primary and secondary tuberculosis

f. Neisseria meningitidis- meningitis and fulminant meningococcemia

g. Influenza A virus - influenza

22. For each of the following bacteriologic methods, briefly describe (1) when the test is performed, (2) how the test is performed, and (3) the organisms most frequently isolated from the culture:

a. blood cultures

b. throat cultures

c. sputum cultures

d. spinal fluid cultures (Know the laboratory values for CSF from well patients and from those with septic and aseptic meningitis.)