FN ISI Export Format VR 1.0 PT J AU Cunha, RL Castilho, R Ruber, L Zardoya, R TI Patterns of cladogenesis in the venomous marine gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde islands SO SYSTEMATIC BIOLOGY DE allopatry; biogeography; Conus; molecular clock; speciation ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCES; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; ADAPTIVE RADIATION; DIVERGENCE TIME; LARVAL ECOLOGY; CANARY-ISLANDS; REEF FISH; EVOLUTION; INVERTEBRATES AB Isolated oceanic archipelagos are excellent model systems to study speciation, biogeography, and evolutionary factors underlying the generation of biological diversity. Despite the wealth of studies documenting insular speciation, few of them focused on marine organisms. Here, we reconstruct phylogenetic relationships among species of the marine venomous gastropod genus Conus from the Cape Verde archipelago. This small island chain located in the Central Atlantic hosts 10% of the worldwide species diversity of Conus. Analyses were based on mtDNA sequences, and a novel nuclear marker, a megalin-like protein, member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor gene family. The inferred phylogeny recovered two well-defined clades within Conus. One includes Cape Verde endemic species with larger shells, known as the "venulatus" complex together with C. pulcher from the Canary Islands. The other is composed of Cape Verde endemic and West Africa and Canary Island "small" shelled species. In both clades, nonendemic Conus were resolved as sister groups of the Cape Verde endemics, respectively. Our results indicate that the ancestors of "small" and "large" shelled lineages independently colonized Cape Verde. The resulting biogeographical pattern shows the grouping of most Cape Verde endemics in monophyletic island assemblages. Statistical tests supported a recent radiation event within the "small shell" clade. Using a molecular clock, we estimated that the colonization of the islands by the "small" shelled species occurred relatively close to the origin of the islands whereas the arrival of "large" shelled Conus is more recent. Our results suggest that the main factor responsible for species diversity in the archipelago may be allopatric speciation promoted by the reduced dispersal capacity of nonplanktonic lecithotrophic larvae. PD AUG PY 2005 VL 54 IS 4 BP 634 EP 650 UT ISI:000231362900007 ER PT J AU Cardillo, M Orme, CDL Owens, IPF TI Testing for latitudinal bias in diversification rates: An example using New World birds SO ECOLOGY DE diversification; extinction; latitudinal diversity gradient; New World birds; speciation; species richness ID SPECIES-RICHNESS; DIVERSITY GRADIENTS; TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY; GEOGRAPHIC PATTERNS; TERRESTRIAL BIRDS; SCALE PATTERNS; LIFE-HISTORY; BIODIVERSITY; ENERGY; DISTRIBUTIONS AB Study of the latitudinal diversity gradient to date has focused largely on pattern description, with relatively little work on the possible mechanisms underlying the pattern. One proximate mechanism is a latitudinal bias in the discrepancy between speciation and extinction rates, leading to higher rates of species diversification toward lower latitudes. Despite being central to many explanations for high tropical diversity, this mechanism is tested very rarely. We discuss some of the problems involved in testing for latitudinal bias in diversification rates and present an example phylogenetic analysis for endemic bird genera of the New World. The results provide evidence for higher diversification rates in clades inhabiting lower latitudes, both when genera are considered independent and when phylogeny is controlled for using independent contrasts. High rates of diversification are also associated with larger geographic area and higher net primary productivity, although these do not fully account for the latitudinal effect. The latitudinal pattern is stronger in younger clades, supporting the prediction of a simple model in. which the signal of latitudinal bias in diversification rates diminishes as clades age and become saturated with species. Our study demonstrates that a clade-based approach can help answer important questions that a geographic approach cannot, but large phylogenies and geographic databases are needed to cope with the large amount of noise inherent in this type of analysis. PD SEP PY 2005 VL 86 IS 9 BP 2278 EP 2287 UT ISI:000231373600003 ER PT J AU Colangelo, P Corti, M Verheyen, E Annesi, F Oguge, N Makundi, RH Verheyen, W TI Mitochondrial phylogeny reveals differential modes of chromosomal evolution in the genus Tatera (Rodentia : Gerbillinae) in Africa SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION DE African rodents; Tatera; chromosomal speciation; karyotype evolution; phylogeny; cytochrome b; 16S; mtDNA ID CYTOCHROME-B GENE; ROBERTSONIAN REARRANGEMENTS; ARVICANTHIS RODENTIA; SATELLITE DNA; SEQUENCES; CYTOGENETICS; SYSTEMATICS; COMPLEX; MURIDAE; GERBILLURUS AB The African gerbils of the genus Tatera are widespread and abundant throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There is still today a certain controversy concerning the taxonomy of these rodents and very few attempts have been made to assess their systematic relationships. The present paper introduces findings based on the partial sequences of cytochrome b (495 bp) and the 16S rRNA (469 bp) mitochondrial genes of six (T robusta, T nigricanda, T vicina. T leucogaster. T valida, and T kempi) species together with two additional taxa. We also report the karyotypes of T vicina and T leucogaster. We propose that T ricina should be considered as a valid species and show the monophyly of the rabusta species group, with the exclusion of T leucoguster, Our results show there is a different chromosomal evolutionary pattern within the two major lineages, which is recognizable through molecular phylogenetics. One is characterized by karyotype stability and the other by a considerable number of chromosomal rearrangements. The lineage divergence coincides with the formation of the East African Rift, The processes that led to the origin of the East African species seem to be related to the subsequent climatic changes, which caused cyclic contraction and expansion of the savannah biomes. Furthermore, geological activities that characterized East Africa during Plio- Pleistocene may also have contributed to lineage divergence. (c) 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. PD JUN PY 2005 VL 35 IS 3 BP 556 EP 568 UT ISI:000229366200004 ER PT J AU Marko, PB TI An intraspecific comparative analysis of character divergence between sympatric species SO EVOLUTION DE adaptation; character displacement; competition; Nucella; predation; shell evolution; speciation ID DOGWHELK NUCELLA-LAPILLUS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION TEST; PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS; LITTORINA-SAXATILIS; MORPHOLOGICAL DIVERGENCE; GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION; ECOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE; INTERTIDAL GASTROPODS; PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY; ADAPTIVE RADIATION AB Although sympatric character divergence between closely related species has been described in a wide variety of taxa, the evolutionary processes responsible for generating these patterns are difficult to identify. One hypothesis that can explain sympatric differences is ecological character displacement: the sympatric origin of morphologically divergent phenotypes in response to selection caused by interspecific competition. Alternatively, populations may adapt to different conditions in allopatry, with sympatric distributions evolving through selective colonization and proliferation of ecologically compatible phenotypes. In this study, I characterize geographic variation within two sibling species of rocky-shore gastropods that have partially overlapping distributions in central California. In sympatry, both Nucella emarginata and N. ostrina show significant differences in shell shape and shell ornamentation that together suggest that where the two species co-exist, divergent phenotypes arose as an evolutionary consequence of competition. To examine the evolutionary origins of divergent characters in. sympatry, I used a comparative method based on spatial autocorrelation to remove the portion of the phenotypic variance among populations that is explained by genetic distance (using mitochondrial DNA sequences and allozyme frequency data). Because the remaining portion of the phenotypic variance represents the independent divergence of individual populations, a significant sympatric difference in the corrected dataset provides evidence of true character displacement: significant sympatric character evolution that is independent of population history. After removal of genetic distance effects in Nucella, shell shape differences remain statistically significant in N. emarginata, providing evidence of significant sympatric character divergence. However, for external shell ornamentation in both species and shell shape in N. ostrina, the significance of sympatric differences is lost in the corrected dataset, indicating that colonization events and gene flow have played important roles in the evolutionary history of character divergence in sympatry. Although the absence of a widely dispersing planktonic larva in the life cycle of Nucella will promote local adaptation, the results here indicate that once advantageous traits arise, demographic processes, such as recurrent gene flow between established populations and extinction and recolonization, are important factors contributing to the geographic pattern of sympatric character divergence. PD MAR PY 2005 VL 59 IS 3 BP 554 EP 564 UT ISI:000227943400008 ER PT J AU Beardsley, PM Barker, WR TI Patterns of evolution in Australian Mimulus and related genera (Phrymaceae similar to Scrophulariaceae): a molecular phylogeny using chloroplast and nuclear sequence data SO AUSTRALIAN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ID FLOWERING PLANTS; DNA; MONKEYFLOWERS; SUBSTITUTION; GUTTATUS; RINGENS; SYSTEM; TREES; RATES; MODEL AB The aim of this work was to develop rigorous phylogenetic hypotheses for the mostly Australian species of Mimulus, Glossostigma, Peplidium, Microcarpaea and Elacholoma (Phrymaceae sensu Beardsley and Olmstead 2002), and to use the phylogeny to explore morphological patterns of evolution. Chloroplast trnL/F and nuclear ribosomal internal and external transcribed spacer sequence data were used to analyse phylogenetic relationships. The results of these analyses confirmed the following conclusions proposed in previous morphological analyses: ( 1) Glossostigma and Peplidium are supported as monophyletic groups, although support is weak for Peplidium; ( 2) Australian endemic Elacholoma, in the past of uncertain family placement, is embedded within the same clade as the former two genera despite its unique pair of terete stigmatic lobes; ( 3) a relatively recent dispersal event from Australia to Iraq and the Middle East for P. maritimum is inferred; ( 4) a reduction in stamen number from four to two has evolved independently several times in Glossostigma, Peplidium, Microcarpaea and Elacholoma; ( 5) a switch to an obligately autogamous breeding system has evolved several times independently in the group. New findings include the following: ( 1) Glossostigma, Peplidium, Microcarpaea and Elacholoma are derived from within Mimulus; ( 2) Mimulus prostratus is part of a clade that contains Elacholoma and Glossostigma, and this clade is not a part of the same clades as other Mimulus species in Australia; ( 3) there is some support for Microcarpaea being sister to a clade including Elacholoma, Mimulus prostratus, Glossostigma and Peplidium. The discovery that four mostly Australian genera are derived from within the mostly western North American genus Mimulus has important implications for generic assignments. Phylogenetic interpretations of additional morphological character transformations are discussed. PD MAR 29 PY 2005 VL 18 IS 1 BP 61 EP 73 UT ISI:000227997000008 ER PT J AU Rheindt, FE Grafe, TU Abouheif, E TI Rapidly evolving traits and the comparative method: how important is testing for phylogenetic signal? SO EVOLUTIONARY ECOLOGY RESEARCH DE bird song; habitat; phylogenetic autocorrelation; phylogenetically based comparative methods; rapid evolution ID CORRELATED EVOLUTION; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS; BODY-SIZE; ZONOTRICHIA-CAPENSIS; COMPUTER-SIMULATION; PASSERINE BIRDS; SPECIES LIMITS; SONG; SOUND AB The indiscriminate application of phylogenetically based comparative methods in cross-species correlated evolution analyses has been questioned. It has been argued that traits are not always significantly correlated to their phylogenetic history, and that correcting for phylogeny in these cases may be unnecessary and may even introduce statistical error. Statistical diagnostics to test for phylogenetic signal have recently been presented. Here, we investigate the relationship between habitat and vocal characters within a tropical bird community. We show that the bird song parameters investigated are not correlated to their phylogenetic history, indicating that certain aspects of bird song can be subject to rates of evolution that are much more rapid than speciation events. In contrast, we show that the habitat parameter is significantly correlated to its phylogenetic history. Previous comparative studies, which have not taken phylogenetic signal into account, show a significant association between habitat and song. With respect to our continuous data, we demonstrate that analyses which fail to correct for phylogeny in traits that show phylogenetic signal (i.e. habitat). or those that correct for phylogeny in traits that are phylogenetically independent (i.e. bird song parameters), support an association between habitat and song. Analyses that incorporate tests for phylogenetic signal, however, reject this association, and thus call for a re-evaluation of the evidence on correlated evolution of habitat and bird song. Therefore, using tests for phylogenetic signal before and after conducting a cross-species correlated evolution analysis is crucial to the outcome of a comparative study when analysing rapidly evolving traits. PD MAR PY 2004 VL 6 IS 3 BP 377 EP 396 UT ISI:000220685800004 ER PT J AU Rieseberg, LH Wendel, J TI Plant speciation - rise of the poor cousins SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST DE Plant speciation; evolution; Verne Grant; phylogeny reconstruction; polyploidy ID SPECIES-DIFFERENCES; MIMULUS PD JAN PY 2004 VL 161 IS 1 BP 3 EP 8 UT ISI:000187417700002 ER PT J AU Patterson, TB Givnish, TJ TI Geographic cohesion, chromosomal evolution, parallel adaptive radiations, and consequent floral adaptations in Calochortus (Calochortaceae): evidence from a cpDNA phylogeny SO NEW PHYTOLOGIST DE adaptive radiation; California Floristic Province; Calochortus; convergence; consequent radiation; floral syndromes; geographic cohesion; parallel evolution ID CHLOROPLAST DNA; METAL TOLERANCE; SEQUENCE DATA; THLASPI-CAERULESCENS; POLLINATION SYSTEMS; MOLECULAR EVOLUTION; MIMULUS-GUTTATUS; COPPER TOLERANCE; SOUTHERN AFRICA; DIVERSIFICATION AB We developed a molecular phylogeny for Calochortus (Liliaceae) to reconstruct historical patterns of evolution. Three cpDNA segments were sequenced and analyzed using parsimony. We identified seven major, geographically cohesive clades centered mainly in the California Floristic Province. Section Calochortus is monophyletic; section Mariposa, paraphyletic; and section Cyclobothra, polyphyletic. Calochortus arose in the Coast Ranges, which were uplifited 3-5 million yr ago. Three of the four major floral syndromes evolved at least twice, associated with particular environments. Serpentine tolerance evolved at least seven times. We argue that limited dispersal led to the narrow endemism of individual species, the geographic cohesion of clades, and parallel radiations in habitat preference, floral morphology, and serpentine tolerance. Chromosomal evolution allowed Calochortus to 'double-up' its regional radiations, preventing crosses between pairs of clades with overlapping ranges. Floral evolution in Calochortus is an example of consequent radiation, with selection for local diversification in habitat driving secondary specialization of flowers on the range of pollinators and abiotic conditions within each habitat, rather than selection to partition pollinators within habitats driving adaptive radiation. PD JAN PY 2004 VL 161 IS 1 BP 253 EP 264 UT ISI:000187417700029 ER PT J AU Cubo, J TI Evidence for speciational change in the evolution of ratites (Aves : Palaeognathae) SO BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY DE heterochrony; independent contrasts; phyletic gradualism; phylogenetic comparative method; punctuational change ID MACROEVOLUTIONARY HYPOTHESES; GENOME SEQUENCES; PHYLOGENIES; BIRDS; BIOGEOGRAPHY; PATTERNS AB To perform a comparative analysis of character associations framed in a phylogenetic context (e.g. independent contrasts), a model of character evolution must be assumed. According to phyletic gradualism, morphological change accumulates gradually over time within lineages, and speciation events do not have a major role. Under speciational models, morphological change is assumed to occur during or just after cladogenesis in both daughter species, and the resulting morphologies do not change over long periods of time (stasis), until the next cladogenetic event. A novel method is presented for comparing these models of character evolution that uses permutational multiple phylogenetic regressions. The addition of divergence times to well-corroborated phylogenetic trees and the utilization of the method developed in this paper allows the estimation of relative frequency of gradual change and speciational change from living organisms. This method is applied to a dataset from ratites with the conclusion that, for a range of morphological features, change tends to have been speciational rather than gradual. (C) 2003 The Linnean Society of London. PD SEP PY 2003 VL 80 IS 1 BP 99 EP 106 UT ISI:000185316700009 ER PT J AU Feder, JL Berlocher, SH Roethele, JB Dambroski, H Smith, JJ Perry, WL Gavrilovic, V Filchak, KE Rull, J Aluja, M TI Allopatric genetic origins for sympatric host-plant shifts and race formation in Rhagoletis SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ID APPLE MAGGOT FLY; POMONELLA DIPTERA; UNITED-STATES; MODERN HUMANS; DIVERGENCE; EVOLUTION; HYBRIDIZATION; TEPHRITIDAE; DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATIONS AB Tephritid fruit flies belonging to the Rhagoletis pomonella sibling species complex are controversial because they have been proposed to diverge in sympatry (in the absence of geographic isolation) by shifting and adapting to new host plants. Here, we report evidence suggesting a surprising source of genetic variation contributing to sympatric host shifts for these flies. From DNA sequence data for three nuclear loci and mtDNA, we infer that an ancestral, hawthorn-infesting R. pomonella population became geographically subdivided into Mexican and North American isolates approximate to1.57 million years ago. Episodes of gene flow from Mexico subsequently infused the North American population with inversion polymorphism affecting key diapause traits, forming adaptive clines. Sometime later (perhaps +/-1 million years), diapause variation in the latitudinal clines appears to have aided North American flies in adapting to a variety of plants with differing fruiting times, helping to spawn several new taxa. Thus, important raw genetic material facilitating the adaptive radiation of R. pomonella originated in a different time and place than the proximate ecological host shifts triggering sympatric divergence. PD SEP 2 PY 2003 VL 100 IS 18 BP 10314 EP 10319 UT ISI:000185119300034 ER PT J AU Beardsley, PM Yen, A Olmstead, RG TI AFLP phylogeny of Mimulus section Erythranthe and the evolution of hummingbird pollination SO EVOLUTION DE amplified fragment-length polymorphisms; Erythranthe; external transcribed spacer; hummingbird-pollination; internal transcribed spacer; Mimulus ID ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES; MONKEYFLOWERS MIMULUS; DISCRETE CHARACTERS; FLORAL TRAITS; SCROPHULARIACEAE; MORPHOLOGY; DNA; SPECIATION; MIMICRY; FLOWERS AB Species in Mimulus section Erythranthe (monkeyflowers) have become model systems for the study of the genetic basis of ecological adaptations. In this study, we pursued two goals. First, we reconstructed the phylogeny of species in Erythranthe using both DNA sequences from the ribosomal DNA ITS and ETS and AFLPs. Data from rDNA sequences support the monophyly of the section, including M. parishii, but provide little support for relationships within it. Analyses using AFLP data resulted in a well-supported hypothesis of relationships among all Erythranthe species. Our second goal was to reconstruct ancestral pollination syndromes and ancestral states of individual characters associated with hummingbird-pollinated flowers. Both parsimony and likelihood approaches indicate that hummingbird pollination evolved twice in Erythranthe from insect-pollinated ancestors. Our reconstruction of individual characters indicates that corolla color and some aspects of corolla shape change states at the same point on the phylogenetic tree as the switch to hummingbird pollination; however, a switch to secretion of high amounts of nectar does not. Floral trait transformation may have been more punctuational than gradual. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 57 IS 6 BP 1397 EP 1410 UT ISI:000183997400017 ER PT J AU Hidding, B Michel, E Natyaganova, AV Sherbakov, DY TI Molecular evidence reveals a polyphyletic origin and chromosomal speciation of Lake Baikal's endemic asellid isopods SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY DE ancient lakes; biogeography; morphology; phylogeny; species flocks; 16S rRNA ID RIBOSOMAL-RNA; CRUSTACEA; PHYLOGENY AB The six endemic isopod species of Lake Baikal have been regarded as a small species flock with uncertain affinities to related asellids. We provide evidence from 16S rRNA sequences for polyphyletic origins of Baikalian Asellidae. One clade of two species is related to the Eurasian genus Asellus . The other clade, Baicalasellus, shows affinities to North American asellids and may have a long evolutionary history within the lake basin. Some speciation events within Baicalasellus clearly have a chromosomal basis. In contrast with numerous taxa exhibiting monophyletic radiations in ancient lakes, the endemic Baikalian isopods arose by multiple invasions and chromosomal mechanisms. PD JUN PY 2003 VL 12 IS 6 BP 1509 EP 1514 UT ISI:000182941500015 ER PT J AU Morrow, EH Pitcher, TE Arnqvist, G TI No evidence that sexual selection is an 'engine of speciation' in birds SO ECOLOGY LETTERS DE species richness; sexual conflict; sexual selection; testes size; dichromatism; dimorphism; MacroCAIC ID SPECIES-RICHNESS; SPERM COMPETITION; TESTIS SIZE; BODY-SIZE; INDEPENDENT CONTRASTS; SYMPATRIC SPECIATION; EXPERIMENTAL REMOVAL; PASSERINE BIRDS; MORTALITY COSTS; MATING SYSTEMS AB Sexual selection has been implicated as having a role in promoting speciation, as it should increase the rate of evolution of reproductive isolation, and there is some comparative evidence that sexual selection may be related to imbalances in clade size seen in resolved phylogenies. By employing a new comparative method we are able to investigate the role of sexual selection in explaining the patterns of species richness across birds. We used data for testes size as an index of post-mating sexual selection, and sexual size dimorphism and sexual dichromatism as indices of pre-mating sexual selection. These measures were obtained for 1031 species representing 467 genera. None of the variables investigated explained the patterns of species richness. As sexual selection may also increase extinction rates, the net effect on species richness in any given clade will depend on the balancing effects of sexual selection upon speciation and extinction rates. We suggest that variance across clades in this balance may have resulted in the lack of a relationship between species richness and sexual selection seen in birds. PD MAR PY 2003 VL 6 IS 3 BP 228 EP 234 UT ISI:000181272100011 ER PT J AU Shaw, KL TI Conflict between nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies of a recent species radiation: What mtDNA reveals and conceals about modes of speciation in Hawaiian crickets SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ID GENUS LAUPALA; ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION; SYMPATRIC SPECIATION; BOUNDARIES; SEQUENCES; DIVERSITY; CICHLIDS; SONG AB It has been asserted that recent mtDNA phylogenies support the plausibility of sympatric speciation, long considered a controversial mechanism of the origin of species. If such inferences are reliable, mtDNA phylogenies should be congruent with phylogenies based on other data. In previous work, a mtDNA phylogeny suggested that diversification of the Hawaiian cricket genus Laujoala was initiated by single invasions into each of several Hawaiian islands, followed by multiple sympatric divergences within each island. In contrast, a systematic hypothesis based on morphology argues that speciation in Laujoala has occurred primarily in allopatry, with two independent species radiations diversifying across the archipelago. In this study, I analyze nuclear DNA (nDNA) sequences from Laupala to compare with sequences from the mtDNA. The nDNA phylogeny corroborates the hypothesis of allopatric divergence and multiple invasions, and when compared with mtDNA patterns, suggests that interspecific hybridization is a persistent feature of the history of Laupala. The discrepancy between mtDNA and nDNA phylogenies reveals that speciation histories based on mtDNA alone can be extensively misleading. PD DEC 10 PY 2002 VL 99 IS 25 BP 16122 EP 16127 UT ISI:000179783400055 ER PT J AU Lin, CP Wood, TK TI MoleculaR phylogeny of the North American Enchenopa binotata (Homoptera : Membracidae) species complex SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA DE Homoptera; Enchenopa; speciation; sympatric ID SECONDARY STRUCTURE; GENETIC-VARIATION; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; SEQUENCE DATA; EVOLUTION; TREEHOPPERS; ALIGNMENT; BEHAVIOR; PRIMERS; LIMITS AB The North American Enchenopa binotata (Say) species complex is a model of sympatric speciation in which phytophagous insects are hypothesized to diverge through host-plant specialization resulting from changes in host plant usage that alter life history timing. A robust phylogeny is needed to evaluate the historical relevance of the prediction that sister taxa differ in critical life-history traits. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony and likelihood criteria of 2305 nucleotides in sequences from mitochondrial COI, COII, tRNA-Leucine, and 12S genes revealed two pairs of sister taxa. Both pairs of sister taxa differ from each other in the timing of egg hatch in the spring that is mediated by differences in host-plant phenology. Host plant mediated timing of egg hatch results in asynchronous life histories among sister taxa facilitating reproductive isolation. Sister taxa of Enchenopa from Celastrus and from Viburnum, differ in their diurnal and temporal spans during which mating occurs. Mating of Enchenopa from Liriodendron takes place after that of its sister species on Cercis. These results support the hypothesis that speciation could have been initiated through a shift to a host plant that alters life-history timing. PD MAR PY 2002 VL 95 IS 2 BP 162 EP 171 UT ISI:000178373100005 ER PT J AU Rockman, MV Rowell, DM TI Episodic chromosomal evolution in Planipapillus (Onychophora : Peripatopsidae): A phylogenetic approach to evolutionary dynamics and speciation SO EVOLUTION DE centric fusion; character-state reconstruction; chromosomal evolution; chromosomal speciation; neutrality; Onychophora; underdominance ID OVERDISPERSED MOLECULAR CLOCK; MAXIMUM-LIKELIHOOD APPROACH; ANCESTRAL CHARACTER STATES; MUS-MUSCULUS-DOMESTICUS; DNA-SEQUENCE EVOLUTION; TRANSPOSABLE ELEMENTS; CENTRIC FUSIONS; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; PERICENTRIC-INVERSION; AUSTRALIAN RATTUS AB Planipapillus. a clade of onychophorans from southeastern Australia. exhibits substantial chromosomal variation. In the context of a robust phylogeny based on nuclear and mitochondrial sequence data, we evaluate models of chromosomal evolution and speciation that differ in the roles assigned to selection. mutation, and drift. Permutation tests suggest that all chromosome rearrangements in the clade ha e been centric fusions and. on the basis of parsimony and maximum-likelihood methods with independent estimates of branch lengths. we conclude that at least 31 centric fusions have been fixed in Planipapillus. A likelihood-ratio test approach, which is independent of our point estimates of ancestral states, rejects an evolutionary model in which the mutation rate is constant and centric fusions are effectively neutral. In contrast to the nucleotide sequence data. which are consistent with neutrality and rate constancy, centric fusions in Planipapillus are underdominant. spontaneous fusion rates Gary among lineages, or both. We predict an inverse relationship between rates of chromosomal evolution and historical population size. Chromosomal evolution may play a role in speciation in Planipapillus, both by interactions between centric fusions with monobrachial homology and by the accumulation of multiple weakly underdominant fusions. PD JAN PY 2002 VL 56 IS 1 BP 58 EP 69 UT ISI:000174248200006 ER PT J AU Parsons, YM Shaw, KL TI Species boundaries and genetic diversity among Hawaiian crickets of the genus Laupala identified using amplified fragment length polymorphism SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY DE AFLPs; courtship song; cryptic species; taxonomy ID AFLP MARKERS; POPULATIONS; SONG; SPECIATION; TREES; PLANT; RAPD AB Crickets of the genus Laupala represent one of the many morphologically cryptic groups of insects, with the most closely related species distinguished only by the male calling song. Cryptic groups provide a challenge in determining the genetic boundaries between closely related populations and species. We have addressed the question of species boundaries in the Hawaiian cricket, Laupala, using nuclear DNA patterns sampled by the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique. This method has been used widely by plant researchers to facilitate the rapid assessment of genetic diversity in very closely related species and varieties. The AFLP technique is simple and robust, can be applied to any organism, and overcomes problems associated with cost, development time, information content and reproducibility that can plague other marker systems. Our results support previously hypothesized taxonomic relationships among sympatric populations and suggest close genetic relationships among allopatric, conspecific populations. PD JUL PY 2001 VL 10 IS 7 BP 1765 EP 1772 UT ISI:000170006100015 ER PT J AU Mascheretti, S Mirol, PM Gimenez, MD Bidau, CJ Contreras, JR Searle, JB TI Phylogenetics of the speciose and chromosomally variable rodent genus Ctenomys (Ctenomyidae, Octodontoidea), based on mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences SO BIOLOGICAL JOURNAL OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY DE speciation; subterranean; tuco-tuco; chromosomal variation; Argentina; South America ID TUCO-TUCOS; POCKET GOPHERS; OCTODONTIDAE; SPECIATION; EVOLUTION; THOMOMYS AB The tuco-tucos (Ctenomys) are subterranean rodents that are widespread in southern South America. On the basis of its 60 living species, Ctenomys is one of the most speciose mammalian genera and displays great chromosomal variation. In order to study the mode of speciation in Ctenomys and to evaluate the role of chromosomes in cladogenesis, it is essential to generate an accurate phylogeny of the genus. From such a phylogeny it should be possible to identify particular species lineages worthy of further study. Following the success in 1998 of Lessa & Cook in generating a phylogeny of 10, mostly Bolivian, species from mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences, we sequenced a further 18, mostly Argentinian, species. By combining our dataset with that of Lessa & Cook's we were able to confirm six species lineages within Ctenomys. These lineages correspond well to taxonomic groups suggested on the basis of morphology and biography. At least two of the species groups suggested (the Boliviano-Matogrossense and Chaco) are very variable chromosomally, and are worthwhile systems to examine the possibility of chromosomal speciation. While, in general, multiple specimens of the named species did form monophyletic groups on the basis of the cytochrome b analysis, there were some exceptions. Thus, C: bergi and C. yolandae did not form separate clades in the phylogenetic analysis. nor did C. roigi and C. dorbignyi. The molecular analysis was also very informative with regards species designations for C. boliviensis and related forms. (C) 2000 Linnean Society of London. PD JUN PY 2000 VL 70 IS 2 BP 361 EP 376 UT ISI:000087759600009 ER PT J AU Henry, CS Wells, MLM Simon, CM TI Convergent evolution of courtship songs among cryptic species of the Carnea group of green lacewings (Neuroptera : Chrysopidae : Chrysoperla) SO EVOLUTION DE Chrysoperla; Chrysopidae; evolution; homoplasy; insect; mtDNA; Neuroptera; phylogeny; songs; speciation; systematics ID POLYMERASE CHAIN-REACTION; CRICKET GENUS LAUPALA; PLORABUNDA NEUROPTERA; BEHAVIORAL-RESPONSES; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CALL RECOGNITION; GOOD GENES; SEQUENCES; SPECIATION; COMMUNICATION AB Although traits of related species are likely to be similar due to common ancestry, mating signals are an exception. In singing insects, for example, song similarity has been documented only for allopatric or allochronic species pairs, and even then, not often. Where song similarity does occur, it has been logically attributed to the inheritance of ancestral traits rather than convergence. It is quite common for related, sympatric insect species to differ dramatically in calling song, which is predicted by evolutionary theory to maximize intraspecific mating success. Given that there are a limited number of ways to make sounds on anatomically similar organs and given that there would be no selective pressure for songs to differ in widely separated geographic areas, convergence in songs among related species living on different continents might be expected. Here we present the first well-documented case of such convergence, in a group of sibling, cryptic species characterized by substrate-borne vibrational mating songs. In this example from green lacewings of the carnea group of the genus Chrysoperla, a variety of statistical tests shows that one species in North America and another in Asia possess songs that are strikingly similar to each other. DNA data demonstrate that the species involved belong to divergent speciose lineages, and behavioral data demonstrate that the convergent songs are readily accepted by members of both species. PD AUG PY 1999 VL 53 IS 4 BP 1165 EP 1179 UT ISI:000082389200016 ER PT J AU Sato, A O'hUigin, C Figueroa, F Grant, PR Grant, BR Tichy, H Klein, J TI Phylogeny of Darwin's finches as revealed by mtDNA sequences SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DE birds; Galapagos Islands ID CICHLID FISHES; LAKE VICTORIA; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CONTROL REGION; HYBRIDIZATION; VARIABILITY; SPECIATION; POPULATION; GALAPAGOS; EVOLUTION AB Darwin's finches comprise a group of passerine birds first collected by Charles Darwin during his visit to the Galapagos Archipelago. The group, a textbook example of adaptive radiation (the diversification of a founding population into an array of species differentially adapted to diverse environmental niches), encompasses 14 currently recognized species, of which 13 live on the Galapagos Islands and one on the Cocos Island in the Pacific Ocean. Although Darwin's finches have been studied extensively by morphologists, ecologists, and ethologists, their phylogenetic relationships remain uncertain. Here, sequences of two mtDNA segments, the cytochrome b and the control region, have been used to infer the evolutionary history of the group. The data reveal the Darwin's finches to be a monophyletic group with the warbler finch being the species closest;to the founding stock, followed by the vegetarian finch, and then by two sister groups, the ground and the tree finches. The Cocos finch is related to the tree finches of the Galapagos Islands. The traditional classification of ground finches into six species and tree finches into five species is not reflected in the molecular data. In these two groups, ancestral polymorphisms have not, as yet, been sorted out among the cross-hybridizing species. PD APR 27 PY 1999 VL 96 IS 9 BP 5101 EP 5106 UT ISI:000080130200067 ER PT J AU Sasa, MM Chippindale, PT Johnson, NA TI Patterns of postzygotic isolation in frogs SO EVOLUTION DE anura; comparative method; frogs; reproductive isolation; speciation ID HYBRID MALE-STERILITY; RANA-PIPIENS COMPLEX; REPRODUCTIVE ISOLATION; HALDANE-RULE; GENETIC-DISTANCE; EVOLUTION; SPECIATION; DROSOPHILA; ALLOZYME; SEX AB From literature data on 116 taxa crosses involving 46 species of frogs, we found a positive correlation between degree of divergence (measured as Nei's genetic distance, D) and degree of postzygotic isolation. In anurans, hybrid sterility appears to evolve more quickly than inviability, which is consistent with the conclusions of other studies that involved Drosophila species. The lower threshold of D = 0.30 for evolution of hybrid inviability that we found is similar to that observed for Drosophila. This consistency suggests that there may be a general pattern in the acquisition of reproductive isolation in animals. PD DEC PY 1998 VL 52 IS 6 BP 1811 EP 1820 UT ISI:000078076700024 ER PT J AU Richman, AD TI Ecological diversification and community structure in the old world leaf warblers (genus Phylloscopus): A phylogenetic perspective SO EVOLUTION DE community structure; comparative method; ecological invasions; habitat selection; molecular phylogeny; regional diversity; speciation ID HABITAT SELECTION; EVOLUTION; MORPHOLOGY AB I investigated the historical basis for variation in regional species diversity. I used a molecular phylogenetic analysis within a single genus of birds (the Old World leaf warblers, genus Phylloscopus) in conjunction with ecological studies in Europe, the Himalayas, and Japan to evaluate the importance of historical events in shaping the present constellation of morphology and behavior in the three different regions. The relatively depauperate assemblages have different histories. In Japan, there was invasion of several lineages, which have more closely related species elsewhere in Asia, whereas in Europe there was also limited in situ speciation. Much of the structure of peripheral communities is attributable to invasions from species-rich Asia, with little in situ morphological diversification. Within the Phylloscopus there are several phylogenetic clades with nonoverlapping size distributions. Major ecological and morphological shifts occurred early in the history of diversification within the group, and rarely since. PD DEC PY 1996 VL 50 IS 6 BP 2461 EP 2470 UT ISI:A1996WB94600030 ER PT J AU Rieseberg, LH Whitton, J Linder, CR TI Molecular marker incongruence in plant hybrid zones and phylogenetic trees SO ACTA BOTANICA NEERLANDICA DE molecular markers; hybridization; introgression; cytoplasmic gene flow; molecular phylogeny ID CHLOROPLAST-DNA VARIATION; INTERSPECIFIC POLLEN COMPETITION; HOMOPLOID RETICULATE EVOLUTION; RESTRICTION FRAGMENT VARIATION; HEUCHERA GROUP SAXIFRAGACEAE; PUTATIVE TERTIARY HYBRID; CYTOPLASMIC GENE FLOW; NUCLEAR RIBOSOMAL DNA; PINUS-DENSATA MASTERS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA PD SEP PY 1996 VL 45 IS 3 BP 243 EP 262 UT ISI:A1996VM97800001 ER PT J AU Shaw, KL TI Sequential radiations and patterns of speciation in the Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala inferred from DNA sequences SO EVOLUTION DE biogeography; crickets; Hawaii; Laupala; mtDNA; phylogeny; radiation; speciation ID ENZYMATIC AMPLIFICATION; NATURAL HYBRIDIZATION; DROSOPHILA-SILVESTRIS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; SEXUAL SELECTION; TREES; POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; GENEALOGY; RATES AB The tremendous diversity of endemic Hawaiian crickets is thought to have originated primarily through intraisland radiations, in contrast to an interisland mode of diversification in the native Hawaiian Drosophila. The Hawaiian cricket genus Laupala (family Gryllidae) is one of several native genera of flightless crickets found in rainforest habitat across the Hawaiian archipelago. I examined the phylogenetic relationships among mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences sampled from 17 species of Laupala, including the 12S ribosomal RNA (rRNA), transfer RNA (RNA)(val) and 16S rRNA regions. The distribution of mtDNA variants suggests that species within Laupala are endemic to single islands. The phylogenetic estimate produced from both maximum likelihood and maximum parsimony supports the hypothesis that speciation in Laupala occurred mainly within islands. The inferred biogeographical history suggests that diversification in Laupala began on Kauai, the oldest rain-forested Hawaiian island. Subsequently, colonization to younger islands in the archipelago resulted in a radiation of considerable phylogenetic diversity. Phylogenetic patterns in mtDNA are not congruent with prior systematic or taxonomic hypotheses. Hypotheses that may explain the conflict between the phylogenetic patterns of mtDNA variation and the species taxonomy are discussed. PD FEB PY 1996 VL 50 IS 1 BP 237 EP 255 UT ISI:A1996TX89100022 ER PT J AU KAMBYSELLIS, MP HO, KF CRADDOCK, EM PIANO, F PARISI, M COHEN, J TI PATTERN OF ECOLOGICAL SHIFTS IN THE DIVERSIFICATION OF HAWAIIAN DROSOPHILA INFERRED FROM A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY SO CURRENT BIOLOGY ID NATURAL-POPULATIONS; EVOLUTION; SEQUENCE; OOGENESIS; DIVERSITY; ORIGIN; DNA AB Background: The endemic Hawaiian drosophilids, a unique group that are remarkable for their diversity and rapid proliferation, provide a model for analysis of the process of insular speciation. Founder events and accompanying random drift, together with shifts in sexual selection, appear to explain the dramatic divergence in male morphology and mating behaviour among these flies, but these forces do not account for their spectacular ecological diversification into a wide array of breeding niches. Although recognized as contributing to the success of this group, the precise role of adaptive shifts has not been well defined. Results: To delineate the pattern of ecological diversification in the evolution of Hawaiian Drosophila, we generated a molecular phylogeny, using nucleotide sequences from the yolk protein gene Yp1, of 42 endemic Hawaiian and 5 continental species. By mapping ecological characters onto this phylogeny, we demonstrate that monophagy is the primitive condition, and that decaying leaves were the initial substrate for oviposition and larval development. Shifts to decaying stems, bark and tree fluxes followed in more derived species. By plotting female reproductive strategies, as reflected in ovarian developmental type, on the molecular tree, we also demonstrate a phylogenetic trend toward increasing fecundity. We find some statistical support for correlations between ecological shifts and shifts in female reproductive strategies. Conclusions: Because of the short branches at the base of the phylogram, which lead to ecologically diverse lineages, we conclude that much of the adaptive radiation into alternate breeding substrates occurred rapidly, early in the group's evolution in Hawaii. Furthermore, we conclude that this ecological divergence and the correlated changes in ovarian patterns that adapt species to their ecological habitats were contributing factors in the major phyletic branching within the Hawaiian drosophilid fauna. PD OCT 1 PY 1995 VL 5 IS 10 BP 1129 EP 1139 UT ISI:A1995TA46400015 ER PT J AU BERLOCHER, SH MCPHERON, BA FEDER, JL BUSH, GL TI GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION AT ALLOZYME LOCI IN THE RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) SPECIES COMPLEX SO ANNALS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA DE RHAGOLETIS; TEPHRITIDAE; ALLOZYMES ID EVOLUTIONARY TREES; FRUIT-FLIES; HOST RACES; SYSTEMATICS; SPECIATION; NUMBER AB New allozyme frequency data on the Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) species group, together with previously published data, are summarized to aid in identification of the species and in estimating the phylogeny of the group. Seven taxa were included in the study: the four described species, one host race or undescribed species infesting Cornus florida L. (flowering dogwood), and two outgroup species, each from a different species group. The phylogenetic tree was estimated by direct parsimony analysis of allele frequencies at 29 enzyme loci. To facilitate comparison with earlier electrophoretic studies, a UPGMA clustering of Nei unbiased genetic distance was also performed. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that two lineages exist in the R. pomonella species group, one consisting solely of R. cornivora Bush, and the other, the remainder of the group, consisting of a complex of extremely similar taxa. Support for the most parsimonious phylogeny is weak. The systematic status of the Cornus florida host-associated population and the evolution of fruit size preference in light of the allozyme phylogeny are discussed. PD NOV PY 1993 VL 86 IS 6 BP 716 EP 727 UT ISI:A1993MW09900006 ER PT J AU PRATT, G WOOD, TK TI GENITALIC ANALYSIS OF MALES AND FEMALES IN THE ENCHENOPA-BINOTATA (SAY) COMPLEX (MEMBRACIDAE, HOMOPTERA) SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF WASHINGTON DE HOST RACE; SYMPATRIC SPECIATION; CAMPYLENCHIA AB Male and female genitalia of nine species (8 undescribed, 1 of uncertain identity) of the Enchenopa binotata complex were compared to Campylenchia latipes and Enchenopa ignidorsum to detect diagnostic characters for identification. Discrete character differences in male genitalia of the E. binotata complex were noted from Campylenchia latipes and Enchenopa ignidorsum, but not between members of the complex. These results demonstrate that genitalia are remarkably uniform and provide no practical diagnostic information within the E. binotata complex, other than slight size differences apparently related to overall body size. The lack of morphological differentiation of the members of the E. binotata complex is discussed in the context of speciation models. PD OCT PY 1993 VL 95 IS 4 BP 574 EP 582 UT ISI:A1993MB64400009 ER PT J AU FUTUYMA, DJ KEESE, MC SCHEFFER, SJ TI GENETIC CONSTRAINTS AND THE PHYLOGENY OF INSECT-PLANT ASSOCIATIONS - RESPONSES OF OPHRAELLA-COMMUNA (COLEOPTERA, CHRYSOMELIDAE) TO HOST PLANTS OF ITS CONGENERS SO EVOLUTION DE ASTERACEAE; CHRYSOMELIDAE; COLEOPTERA; GENETIC CONSTRAINTS; GENETIC VARIATION; HOST PLANTS; INSECT-PLANT INTERACTIONS; OPHRAELLA; PHYLOGENY; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; QUANTITATIVE GENETICS ID QUANTITATIVE GENETICS; PHYTOPHAGOUS INSECTS; ECOLOGICAL GENETICS; LARVAL PERFORMANCE; WILCOX COLEOPTERA; RANGE EVOLUTION; SPECIALIZATION; BUTTERFLIES; LEPIDOPTERA; ASTERACEAE AB We ask whether patterns of genetic variation in a phytophagous insect's responses to potential host plants shed light on the phylogenetic history of host association. Ophraella communa feeds chiefly, and in eastern North America exclusively, on Ambrosia (Asteraceae: Ambrosiinae). Using mostly half-sib breeding designs, we screened for genetic variation in feeding responses to and larval survival on its own host and on seven other plants that are hosts (or, on one case, closely related to the host) of other species of Ophraella. We found evidence for genetic variation in feeding responses to five of the seven test plants, other than the natural host. We found no evidence of genetic variation in feeding responses to two plant species, nor in capacity for larval survival on six. These results imply constraints on the availability of genetic variation; however, little evidence for constraints in the form of negative genetic correlations was found. These results are interpreted in the context of a provisional phylogeny of, and a history of host shifts within, the genus. Ophraella communa does not present evidence of genetic variation in its ability to feed and/or survive on Solidago, even though it is probably descended from a lineage that fed on Solidago or related plants, possibly as recently as 1.9 million years ago. Genetic variation in performance on this plant may have been lost. Based on evidence for genetic variation and on mean performance, by far the greatest potentiality for adaptation to a congener's host was evinced in responses to Iva frutescens, which not only is related and chemically similar to Ambrosia, but also is the host of a closely related species of Ophraella that may have been derived from an Ambrosia-associated ancestor. Genetic variation in O. communa's capacity to feed and/or survive on its congeners' hosts is less evident for plants that do not represent historically realized host shifts (with one exception) than for those that may (but see Note Added in Proof). The results offer some support for the hypothesis that the evolution of host shifts has been guided in part by constrained genetic variation. PD JUN PY 1993 VL 47 IS 3 BP 888 EP 905 UT ISI:A1993MA41600015 ER PT J AU PRATT, G WOOD, TK TI A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF THE ENCHENOPA-BINOTATA SPECIES COMPLEX (HOMOPTERA, MEMBRACIDAE) USING NYMPHAL CHARACTERS SO SYSTEMATIC ENTOMOLOGY ID SAY COMPLEX; GENETIC-VARIATION AB Nymphal characters which distinguish the nine species of the Enchenopa binotata complex (key included) are delineated for future formal species descriptions. A phylogenetic tree using these characters is presented and compared to a tree derived from allozyme data. Three pairs of sister species are defined, two of these pairs meeting strict phylogenetic and biological criteria which suggest sympatric speciation through host shifts. PD OCT PY 1992 VL 17 IS 4 BP 351 EP 357 UT ISI:A1992KA38400004 ER PT J AU GRANT, V TI SYSTEMATICS AND PHYLOGENY OF THE IPOMOPSIS-AGGREGATA GROUP (POLEMONIACEAE) - TRADITIONAL AND MOLECULAR APPROACHES SO SYSTEMATIC BOTANY ID TENUITUBA POLEMONIACEAE; ASTERACEAE; INTERGRADATION; CLASSIFICATION; HYBRIDIZATION; EVOLUTION; PATTERNS; COLORADO; COMPLEX AB A system of classification of the Ipomopsis aggregata group based on traditional field and herbarium methods has been restudied recently by another group of workers using molecular systematic methods (allozymes and cpDNA). The molecular systematists have claimed that there is not a good correspondence in general between the taxonomic relationships based on allozymes and those based on morphology. In fact, the patterns of relationship indicated by morphological and by molecular methods are reasonably congruent, with one or two exceptions. Molecular evidence revealed that the taxon I. tenuituba subsp. macrosiphon was misclassified in the original system; and on the basis of this molecular and other supplementary evidence it is segregated here as a distinct species, Ipomopsis macrosiphon, comb. nov. The molecular systematists concluded from the high genetic similarities (I) between taxa that speciation is relatively recent in the I. aggregata group, but this conclusion conflicts with the phylogenetic sequence inferred from traditional lines of evidence. Reanalysis of one test case involving a pair of taxa with a high genetic similarity in allozymes indicates that the high I value is a result of recent hybridization, and is not a valid indicator of time of divergence. High I values for some other pairs of taxa may well have the same explanation. The problem of reconciling and integrating traditional and molecular systematic evidence arises frequently in other plant groups; this general problem is discussed. PD OCT-DEC PY 1992 VL 17 IS 4 BP 683 EP 691 UT ISI:A1992JW19300013 ER PT J AU TAUBER, CA TAUBER, MJ TAUBER, MJ TI EGG SIZE AND TAXON - THEIR INFLUENCE ON SURVIVAL AND DEVELOPMENT OF CHRYSOPID HATCHLINGS AFTER FOOD AND WATER-DEPRIVATION SO CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY-REVUE CANADIENNE DE ZOOLOGIE ID LIFE-HISTORY EVOLUTION; WEIGHT VARIATION; LEPIDOPTERA; PHYLOGENY; RESPONSES; LARVAE; VIEW AB Genus- and species-level differences characterize the pattern of life-history variation in two distinct phylogenetic lineages of chrysopids, Chrysopa and Chrysoperla. Species in the genus Chrysopa exhibit significant variation in egg size, and this variation is positively correlated with the ability of hatchlings to withstand periods of food and water deprivation prior to their initial feeding. The variation is also significantly correlated with larval size, as measured by the tibial length of first-instar larvae. Although the six Chrysopa species differ in several other life-history traits (i.e, the incubation period and rate of first-instar larval development), the variation is unrelated to egg size. It appears that maternal allocation of resources to eggs largely serves to enhance embryonic growth and the survival of hatchings during searching. That is, within the Chrysopa lineage egg size varies; larger eggs yield larger, more robust hatchlings. These hatchlings may or may not develop faster than congeners from small eggs. In comparison with Chrysopa, the genus Chrysoperla has less variability in egg size and developmental rate. Furthermore, although Chrysoperla eggs are relatively small, the ability of hatchlings to endure periods of food or water deprivation is at least as great as it is in the Chrysopa species with large eggs. We conclude that maternal investment in larval fitness has different ontogenetic pathways, ecological roles, and phylogenetic histories in the two genera. PD OCT PY 1991 VL 69 IS 10 BP 2644 EP 2650 UT ISI:A1991HD70900019 ER PT J AU RIESEBERG, LH TI HOMOPLOID RETICULATE EVOLUTION IN HELIANTHUS (ASTERACEAE) - EVIDENCE FROM RIBOSOMAL GENES SO AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY ID CHLOROPLAST DNA EVOLUTION; ANNUUS L; HYBRID ORIGIN; INTROGRESSION; HYBRIDIZATION; PATTERNS; COMPOSITAE; BOLANDERI; DEBILIS; GENOME AB Phylogenetic relationships among the 21 taxa comprising Helianthus sect. Helianthus and three outgroup species were assessed by restriction site mapping of the 18S-25S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene family. Wagner parsimony analysis of the 41 restriction site or length mutations observed produced a single 59-step most parsimonious tree. This tree was then compared to a cytoplasmic-based plastid phylogeny for this group. Several major discrepancies were observed between the two phylogenies suggesting both recent and ancient introgression. Furthermore, three cases of diploid hybrid speciation are unambiguously documented and a fourth case is suggested. These data are interpreted to suggest that evolution in Heliathus is reticulate rather than exclusively dichotomous and branching. PD SEP PY 1991 VL 78 IS 9 BP 1218 EP 1237 UT ISI:A1991GF61800007 ER PT J AU FEDER, JL CHILCOTE, CA BUSH, GL TI THE GEOGRAPHIC PATTERN OF GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN HOST ASSOCIATED POPULATIONS OF RHAGOLETIS-POMONELLA (DIPTERA, TEPHRITIDAE) IN THE EASTERN UNITED-STATES AND CANADA SO EVOLUTION PD MAY PY 1990 VL 44 IS 3 BP 570 EP 594 UT ISI:A1990DJ41500007 ER PT J AU GUTTMAN, SI WOOD, TK KARLIN, AA TI GENETIC DIFFERENTIATION ALONG HOST PLANT LINES IN THE SYMPATRIC ENCHENOPA-BINOTATA SAY COMPLEX (HOMOPTERA, MEMBRACIDAE) SO EVOLUTION PY 1981 VL 35 IS 2 BP 205 EP 217 UT ISI:A1981LK17800001 ER PT J AU Arensburger, P Simon, C Holsinger, K TI Evolution and phylogeny of the New Zealand cicada genus Kikihia Dugdale (Homoptera : Auchenorrhyncha : Cicadidae) with special reference to the origin of the Kermadec and Norfolk Islands' species SO JOURNAL OF BIOGEOGRAPHY DE Cicada; New Zealand; phylogeny; Kikihia; dispersal; molecular clock ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA; CHATHAM ISLANDS; TREE TOPOLOGY; DISPERSAL; SEQUENCES; HEMIPTERA; BIOGEOGRAPHY; GENERA; FLORA; BIOTA AB Aim Determine the phylogeny and dispersal patterns of the cicada genus Kikihia in New Zealand and the origin of the Norfolk, Kermadec, and Chatham Island cicadas. Location New Zealand, Norfolk Island, Kermadec Islands and Chatham Island. Methods DNA sequences from 16 species and four soon to be described species of cicadas from New Zealand and Norfolk Island (Australia) were examined. A total of 1401 base pairs were analysed from whole genome extraction of three mitochondrial genes (cytochrome oxidase subunit II, ATPase6 and ATPase8). These DNA sequences were aligned and analysed using standard likelihood approaches to phylogenetic analysis. Dates of divergences between clades were determined using a molecular clock based on Bayesian statistics. Results Most species in the genus Kikihia diverged between 3 and 5 million years ago (Ma) coincident with a period of rapid mountain building in New Zealand. Cicada species on the Kermadec and Norfolk Islands invaded recently from New Zealand and are closely related to the New Zealand North Island species Kikihia cutora. Main conclusions Speciation in the genus Kikihia was likely due in large part to the appearance of new habitats associated with the rise of the Southern Alps, starting c. 5 Ma. Dispersal of Kikihia species within mainland New Zealand probably occurred gradually rather than through long-distance jumps. However, invasion of Norfolk, the Kermadecs and Chatham Islands had to have occurred through long-distance dispersal. PD NOV PY 2004 VL 31 IS 11 BP 1769 EP 1783 UT ISI:000224434100005 ER PT J AU Quan, JX Zhuang, ZM Deng, JY Dai, JX Zhang, YP TI Phylogenetic relationships of 12 Penaeoidea shrimp species deduced from mitochondrial DNA sequences SO BIOCHEMICAL GENETICS DE molecular phylogeny; mtDNA; COI gene; 16s rRNA gene; Penaeoidea ID MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY; GENETIC-VARIATION; CRABS CRUSTACEA; RIBOSOMAL-RNA; EVOLUTION; PENAEUS; DIFFERENTIATION; POPULATIONS; BRACHYURA; COI AB DNA sequences of an 847 bp fragment of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I (COI) gene and a 514 bp fragment of 16s rRNA gene were determined to examine the phylogenetic relationships of 12 Penaeoidea shrimp species (Penaeus chinensis, Penaeus japonicus, Penaeus penicillatus, Penaeus vannamei, Penaeus canaliculatus, Trachypenaeus curvirostris, Metapenaeus affinis, Metapenaeus ensis, Metapenaeopsis barbata, Parapenaeus fissuroides, Parapenaeopsis hardiwickii, Solenocera crassicornis). Both fragments of the swimming crab Portunus trituberculaus chosen as the outgroup were also sequenced. Intraspecific sequence divergence of 0.24-1.2% in the COI gene was found in 5 species, while no intraspecific variation was observed in the 16s rRNA gene. Three phylogenetic trees based on the 1361 bp combined sequences of COI and 16s rRNA were concordant in indicating the following suggestions: (1) phylogenetic relationship of the 11 Penaeidae species based on our result support the opinion of Burkenroad (Burkenroad, M.D. (1983). Crustacean Issues 3: 279-290) on the basis of morphological features; (2) it seems more reasonable to class Solenocera crassicorni in the family Penaeidae; (3) the fragment of the COI gene chosen here appears to be a good marker for speciation studies and population analysis in Crustaceans, while the 16s rRNA gene fragment here seems suitable for examining phylogenetic relationships at the species or genus levels in Crustaceans. Our time estimates suggest that Penaeus and Metapenaeus might have separated about 6.38x10(6)-7.98x10(6) years BP in the post-Miocene, and the species separation within Metapenaeus and Penaeus might occur 0.08x10(6)-0.4x10(6) years BP in the late Pleistocene. PD OCT PY 2004 VL 42 IS 9-10 BP 331 EP 345 UT ISI:000223623500004 ER PT J AU Goetze, E TI Cryptic speciation on the high seas; global phylogenetics of the copepod family Eucalanidae SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON SERIES B-BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES DE copepods; open ocean; speciation.; cryptic species; Eucalanidae; Rhincalanus nasutus ID HIGH-DISPERSAL STARFISH; WEST PACIFIC; SPECIES COMPLEX; MYTILUS-GALLOPROVINCIALIS; PLANKTONIC FORAMINIFERS; POPULATION-STRUCTURE; MOLECULAR EVIDENCE; MARINE-SPECIATION; GENETIC-STRUCTURE; EVOLUTION AB Few genetic data are currently available to assess patterns of population differentiation and speciation in planktonic taxa that inhabit the open ocean. A phylogenetic study of the oceanic copepod family Eucalanidae was undertaken to develop a model zooplankton taxon in which speciation events can be confidently identified. A global survey of 20 described species (526 individuals) sampled from 88 locations worldwide found high levels of cryptic diversity at the species level. Mitochondrial (16S rRNA, CO1) and nuclear (ITS2) DNA sequence data support 12 new genetic lineages as highly distinct from other populations with which they are currently considered conspecific. Out of these 12, at least four are new species. The circumglobal, boundary current species Rhincalanus nasutus was found to be a cryptic species complex, with genetic divergence between populations unrelated to geographic distance. 'Conspecific' populations of seven species exhibited varying levels of genetic differentiation between Atlantic and Pacific basins, suggesting that continental landmasses form barriers to dispersal for a subset of circumglobal species. A molecular phylogeny of the family based on both mitochondrial (16S rRNA) and nuclear (ITS2, 18S rRNA) gene loci supports monophyly of the family Eucalanidae, all four eucalanid genera and the 'pileatus' and 'subtenuis' species groups. PD NOV 22 PY 2003 VL 270 IS 1531 BP 2321 EP 2331 UT ISI:000186705200002 ER PT J AU Broughton, RE Harrison, RG TI Nuclear gene genealogies reveal historical, demographic and selective factors associated with speciation in field crickets SO GENETICS ID NARROW HYBRID ZONE; MOLECULAR POPULATION-GENETICS; MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA PHYLOGENY; DROSOPHILA-MELANOGASTER; SPECIES TREES; INFERRING PHYLOGENIES; NATURAL-SELECTION; CLOSE RELATIVES; MTDNA VARIATION; SEQUENCE DATA AB Population genetics theory predicts that genetic drift should eliminate shared polymorphism, leading to monophyly or exclusivity of populations, when the elapsed time between lineage-splitting events is large relative to effective population size. We examined patterns of nucleotide variation in introns at four nuclear loci to relate processes affecting the history of genes to patterns of divergence among natural populations and species. Ancestral polymorphisms were shared among three recognized species, Gryllus firmus, G. pennsylvanicus, and G. ovisopis, and genealogical patterns suggest that successive speciation events occurred recently and rapidly relative to effective population size. High levels of shared polymorphism among these morphologically, behaviorally, and ecologically distinct species indicate that only a small fraction of the genome needs to become differentiated for speciation to occur. Among the four nuclear gene loci there was a 10-fold range in nucleotide diversity, and patterns of polymorphism and divergence suggest that natural selection has acted to maintain or eliminate variation at some loci. While nuclear gene genealogies may have limited applications in phylogeography or other approaches dependent on population monophyly, they provide important insights into the historical, demographic, and selective forces that shape speciation. PD APR PY 2003 VL 163 IS 4 BP 1389 EP 1401 UT ISI:000182517900014 ER PT J AU Weiblen, GD Bush, GL TI Speciation in fig pollinators and parasites SO MOLECULAR ECOLOGY DE Agaonidae; coevolution; cospeciation; mutualism; parasitism; phylogeny ID SYMPATRIC SPECIATION; MOLECULAR PHYLOGENIES; SUBGENUS SYCOMORUS; DNA-SEQUENCES; WASPS; FICUS; EVOLUTION; MUTUALISM; SEX; COSPECIATION AB Here we draw on phylogenies of figs and fig wasps to suggest how modes of speciation may be affected by interspecific interactions. Mutualists appear to have cospeciated with their hosts to a greater extent than parasites, which showed evidence of host shifting. However, we also repeatedly encountered a pattern not explained by either cospeciation or host switching. Sister species of fig parasites often attack the same host in sympatry, and differences in ovipositor length suggest that parasite speciation could result from divergence in the timing of oviposition with respect to fig development. These observations on fig parasites are consistent with a neglected model of sympatric speciation. PD AUG PY 2002 VL 11 IS 8 BP 1573 EP 1578 UT ISI:000177086900029 ER PT J AU Avise, JC Wollenberg, K TI Phylogenetics and the origin of species SO PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA DE allelic genealogies; gene trees; lineages; mitochondrial DNA; phylogeography ID MITOCHONDRIAL-DNA SEQUENCES; GENE TREES; PAIRWISE COMPARISONS; POPULATION-GENETICS; ALLELIC GENEALOGY; HUMAN-EVOLUTION; POLYMORPHISM; SYSTEMATICS; SELECTION; SPECIATION AB A recent criticism that al-re biological species concept (BSC) unduly neglects phylogeny is examined under a novel modification of coalescent theory that considers multiple, sex-defined genealogical pathways through sexual organismal pedigrees. A competing phylogenetic species concept (PSC) also is evaluated from this vantage, Two analytical approaches are employed to rapture the composite phylogenetic information contained within the braided assemblages of hereditary pathways of a pedigree: (i) consensus phylogenetic trees across allelic transmission routes and (ii) composite phenograms from quantitative values of organismal coancestry. Outcomes from both approaches demonstrate that the supposed sharp distinction between biological and phylogenetic species concepts is illusory. Historical descent and reproductive lies are related aspects of phylogeny and jointly illuminate biotic discontinuity. PD JUL 22 PY 1997 VL 94 IS 15 BP 7748 EP 7755 UT ISI:A1997XM42800010 ER PT J AU Smith, JJ Bush, GL TI Phylogeny of the genus Rhagoletis (Diptera: Tephritidae) inferred from DNA sequences of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase II SO MOLECULAR PHYLOGENETICS AND EVOLUTION ID NUCLEOTIDE-SEQUENCE; SPECIES COMPLEX; ALLOZYME LOCI; LEPIDOPTERA; SYSTEMATICS; CONGRUENCE; CONFIDENCE; EVOLUTION AB Despite a considerable literature describing the biology of flies in the tephritid genus Rhagoletis, the phylogenetic relationships of the more than 60 species classified within the genus are not well resolved. Knowledge of these relationships is important, not only in terms of obtaining information that will be useful for the control of Rhagoletis where it is an agricultural pest, but also in determining what role host plant shifts have played in the generation of Rhagoletis species diversity, a focal point in debate over the role of sympatric speciation in the evolutionary process. In this paper, the phylogenetic history of 28 Rhagoletis species and B species in related tephritid genera is inferred from nucleotide sequences of subunit II of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COII) gene and the adjacent tRNA(Leu)/COII intergenic region. Analyses of the data using distance and character-state approaches suggest the following: (i) the genus Rhagoletis as currently defined is not monophyletic; (ii) the 5 predominantly North American Rhagoletis species groups do constitute a monophyletic assemblage; (iii) the North American species groups form 2 clades, 1 consisting of taxa in the R. pomonella and R. tabellaria species groups (plus R. fausta), and the other consisting of taxa in the R. ribicola, R. cingulata, and R. suavis species groups; and (iv) the origin(s) of the North American species groups is obscure, as evidenced by the recovery of clades containing both Palearctic and Neotropical taxa. Areas of congruence and conflict with published phylogenies of Rhagoletis are examined and, while many areas of conflict may be due to an insufficient number of characters or incomplete taxon sampling, we cannot discount the possibility that real differences exist between the Rhagoletis mitochondrial DNA gene tree and the Rhagoletis species tree. (C) 1997 Academic Press. PD FEB PY 1997 VL 7 IS 1 BP 33 EP 43 UT ISI:A1997WN53000003 ER PT J AU Wollenberg, K Arnold, J Avise, JC TI Recognizing the forest for the trees: Testing temporal patterns of cladogenesis using a null model of stochastic diversification SO MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION DE speciation; extinction; null model; adaptive radiation; molecular phylogeny; evolution ID EVOLUTION; PHYLOGENY; DIVERSITY AB Computer simulations are developed and employed to examine the expected temporal distributions of nodes under a null model of stochastic lineage bifurcation and extinction. These Markovian models of phylogenetic process were constructed so as to permit direct comparisons against empirical phylogenetic trees generated from molecular or other information available solely from extant species. For replicate simulated phylads with n extant species, cumulative distribution functions (cdf's) of branching times were calculated, and compared (using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test statistic D) to those from three published empirical trees. Molecular phylogenies for columbine plants and avian cranes showed statistically significant departures from the null expectations, in directions indicating recent and ancient species' radiations, respectively, whereas a molecular phylogeny for the Drosophila virilis species group showed no apparent historical clustering of branching events. Effects of outgroup choice and phylogenetic frame of reference were investigated for the columbines and found to have a predictable influence on the types of conclusions to be drawn from such analyses. To enable other investigators to statistically test for nonrandomness in temporal cladogenetic pattern in empirical trees generated from data on extant species, we present tables of mean cdf's and associated probabilities under the null model for expected branching times in phylads of varying size. The approaches developed in this report complement and extend those of other recent methods for employing null models to assess the statistical significance of pattern in evolutionary trees. PD JUL PY 1996 VL 13 IS 6 BP 833 EP 849 UT ISI:A1996UV08600012 ER EF